Civil and criminal litigation in India is governed by different laws and procedures. Here is a brief overview of each:

Civil Litigation in India: Civil litigation refers to legal disputes between individuals or entities that involve claims for damages or other relief, such as specific performance or injunctions. The Indian legal system has a well-established civil court system, which operates at the district, state, and national levels. The jurisdiction of civil courts is determined by the value of the dispute.

The civil court system in India follows the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. This code provides the procedure for filing and defending civil cases, including rules for service of process, pleadings, evidence, trial, and appeals. Civil litigation in India can be lengthy and time-consuming, with cases taking several years to resolve.

Criminal Litigation in India: Criminal litigation refers to legal disputes between the state and individuals or entities accused of committing crimes. The Indian legal system has a well-established criminal court system, which operates at the district, state, and national levels. The jurisdiction of criminal courts is determined by the nature and severity of the crime.

Criminal cases in India are tried under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. This code provides the procedure for investigating and prosecuting criminal cases, including rules for arrest, bail, trial, and appeals. The burden of proof in criminal cases is on the prosecution, and the accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

In both civil and criminal litigation, parties have the right to appeal decisions made by lower courts to higher courts. The Indian legal system also provides for alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation and arbitration, which can be used to resolve disputes without going to court.

Overall, civil and criminal litigation in India can be complex and time-consuming, and it is important for individuals and entities to have a good understanding of the legal system and procedures to effectively navigate through the process.